Pancreatic cancer is a disease that begins when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the tissues of the pancreas, an organ that helps regulate blood sugar and aids digestion. Because symptoms often do not appear until the disease has advanced, pancreatic cancer can be challenging to detect early. However, advances in surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and supportive care have improved treatment options for many patients. Treatment is based on the type and stage of the cancer, the location of the tumor, and the individual's overall health.
Most pancreatic cancers develop in the cells that line the ducts of the pancreas and are known as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas.
The pancreas has two main functions:
Cancer can interfere with both of these important functions.
Early pancreatic cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. As the disease progresses, symptoms may include:
These symptoms can also occur with many non-cancerous conditions and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.
Several factors are associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer, including:
Having one or more risk factors does not mean a person will develop pancreatic cancer.
Diagnosis may involve a combination of imaging studies, laboratory tests, and tissue sampling.
Common diagnostic tests include:
Additional testing helps determine the stage of the cancer and guide treatment planning.
Treatment depends on whether the cancer can be surgically removed and whether it has spread.
Possible treatments include:
Many patients receive a combination of these treatments.
Supportive care is an important part of treatment and may help improve comfort and quality of life.
Services may include:
Supportive care can be provided alongside cancer-directed treatment.
Healthcare providers may monitor:
Regular follow-up helps guide ongoing treatment decisions.
Prompt medical evaluation is recommended if symptoms include:
Early assessment may help identify complications and allow timely intervention.
Pancreatic cancer is a serious disease that often requires a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and supportive care. Advances in diagnostic testing and personalized treatment continue to improve outcomes for many patients. Early evaluation of persistent symptoms, comprehensive care from a multidisciplinary oncology team, and regular follow-up are important components of effective pancreatic cancer management.